In early October 2025, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) warned that the humanitarian situation in the Central Sahel was further deteriorating. According to UNHCR, about 4 million people are currently displaced in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. This figure represents a two-thirds increase compared with five years ago. Women and children account for 80% of the displaced. While 75% of those forced from their homes remain within their own countries, the number of people seeking refuge in neighboring states is also rising.
Many of these people are fleeing violence and instability, but some are also being forced to move by poverty and the impacts of climate change. Even if they are able to cross borders, accessing humanitarian assistance is difficult. UNHCR underscores that funding for this emergency is severely insufficient, stating that as of now only 32% of the humanitarian funding required in 2025 has been provided.
Following a series of coups in recent years, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger have come under military rule. In 2023, these countries formed the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) and sought to build a cooperative framework to address severe security problems. This was seen as a response to the deterioration under civilian governments despite military support from Western countries.
However, there has been strong backlash from some donor countries against these military regimes, resulting in reductions or suspensions of humanitarian aid. Furthermore, the AES countries themselves, concerned about external influence and the need to safeguard their sovereignty, have restricted or halted the activities of some humanitarian NGOs.
The humanitarian situation in the Sahel remains dire.
Learn more about the three Central Sahel countries → “Evolving International Relations in West Africa”
Learn more about the situation in Burkina Faso → “What Is Happening in Burkina Faso?”
Humanitarian aid reaches Burkina Faso (Photo: EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid / Flickr [CC BY 2.0])
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